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Malt is made from specially grown varieties of malted barley. During malting, enzymes start to break down the main part of the kernel, which is called the “starchy endosperm.” The starchy endosperm is made of a framework of cell walls, consisting of mainly hemicelluloses, which is full of starch granules held in a protein matrix. The process of malting and mashing breaks down the proteins, hemicelluloses, and starch into smaller fractions that are soluble and are washed out during sparging to produce wort. See sparging. Depending on how the barley is malted, a mashing process is designed to make as much soluble material as possible available in the wort, while avoiding undesirable characteristics.
The different mashing processes are designed to make as much soluble material available as possible from different malts. The mashing process applies different temperatures to the mash that are ideal for breaking down the different parts of the starchy endosperm. Proteases with an optimum working temperature of 35°C–45°C (95°F–113°F) break down the protein matrix holding the starch granules. Glucanases have an optimum temperature of 45°C–55°C (113°F–131°F) and break down the hemicelluloses gums, whereas amylases break down the starch granules and work best at 61°C–67°C (141.8°F–152.6°F).
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